Urea was discovered in 1773 by the French chemist Hilaire Rouelle. In 1828, German chemist Friedrich was obtained by reacting silver isocyanate with ammonium chloride. This was the first time an organic compound was obtained artificially from an organic compound.

Another name of this fertilizer is (Carbamide) is an organic compound with the NH2COONH4 chemical formula, and is used as one of the most consumable and, of course, the cheapest chemical fertilizers that supply N to the rest of the world.

Urea is neither acidic nor alkaline, highly water-soluble and relatively non-toxic, and urea is widely used in chemical fertilizers as a rich and suitable source of nitrogen. Urea is also one of the most important raw materials in the chemical industry.

Urea is hydrolyzed in the soil and converted to ammonia and dioxide. The solubility of urea is very high in water, which is used for fertilizer and spray application on the plant. 46% of urea is composed of nitrogen.

Urea is nitrogen fertilizer with an NPK (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) ratio of 46-0-0. The chemical formula of the urea is close in composition to the organic formulation of the urea, which also provides a number of advantages in the mass use for feeding crops. Although urea is naturally produced in humans and animals, synthetic urea is manufactured with anhydrous ammonia.

Other names of urea fertilizer: Amide of carbonic acid, carbamide, carbamide acid, carbonyl diamide, carbonyl diamide, carbonyl diamine, isaurea.

Urea causes skin and eye irritation and has respiratory complications. Continuous exposure to the skin causes swelling in the skin. Its high concentration in the blood causes damage to the organs of the body. Heat it above the melting point causes it to decompose and generates toxic vapors. Normally not flammable, but its mixing with strong oxidants such as nitride causes explosion.

Urea absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and the surface of the air, it is typically used to store it. Also, if you need to store it in bulk, it should be covered with a special cover and water insulator. It is also recommended that urea be stored, as well as many other solid fertilizers, in a cool and dry place, where the ventilation is well done.

In the industry, urea is produced from carbon dioxide and ammonia. Usually, a large amount of carbon dioxide is produced during the process of producing ammonia from coal, natural gas, or oil. This causes direct urea from the combination of these materials. The basis for the production of urea was made in 1922 under the name of the Urea Process by Bosch-Meiser. There are various processes for the production of urea in different conditions, all of which have more production losses than the process.

This process involves two major equilibrium reactions:

_ No reaction of dry ammonia liquid with dry ice

_The second reaction is the conversion of ammonia carbamide to urea in water.

Unreactive materials are used to produce other materials, including ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate

Aside from its common use as fertilizer, there are other more ways of describing what is urea.Urea is an industrial product that is used as feed additive for livestock.It is an industrial product used in the manufacture of synthetic resins with various applications such as plastics, adhesives, moldings, laminates, plywood, particleboard, textiles, and coatings .Urea is an industrial product used in the production of pharmaceutical products. Other minor uses are as rehydrating lotion, diuretics, deicers, and cold-compresses.

The amount of urea uses depends on the type of product, soil analysis and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is advisable to determine the dosage based on the opinion of the agricultural expert. As the use of low fertilizer causes problems in agriculture, excessive use will also cause damage. The use of this type of fertilizer should be highly precise because it can cause changes in the pattern of plant growth or sometimes negative effects on plants due to high amounts of materials.

More than 90% of the world’s urea production is for use as nitrogen-containing fertilizers.

_ Urea is used directly as a fertilizer in solid state and in granular and peril models in agriculture.

_ Urea is used as an additive in the production of chemical fertilizers such as NPK

_ Urea is used in the production of nitrogen fertilizer called UAN

_ Urea is used in some formulations of animal feed and poultry in a very low amount

Urea fertilizer application in agriculture

_ Spray application

_ Soil fertilization in solid form

_ Along with irrigation water

• It accelerates plant growth by increasing cross-growth and longitudinal growth.
• Increasing the size and number of leaves and number of semiclusters in each cluster and increasing the percentage of semiclusters in each cluster and grain weight and length.

• Reduced Growth and Crop Performance: The first sign of nitrogen deficiency in the plant is reduced vegetative growth. Nitrogen is the most important element for plant growth, and its deficiency leads to reduced vegetative growth and, consequently, reduced yield.
• Leaves are yellow: N-deficiency usually leaves the old yellow leaves, while young leaves of the green plant remain. Therefore, the garden or farm becomes yellowish. Changes in the color of the leaves, veins and petioles to pale green or yellow will also result in a shortage. Symptoms of deficiency mainly occur in old leaves
• Minority of fruits and the loss of flowers and fruits: The small and small fruits and the excessive loss of flowers and fruits are other signs of nitrogen deficiency.

_ Types of plastics, in particular urea formaldehyde resins.

_ Types of adhesives, such as urea formaldehyde and urea melamine formaldehyde

_ Pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries

_ Preparation of fire powder

_ Potassium cyanide, as the starting material of some industries.

_ Nitrate urea, an explosive type.

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